Overview

The LM324 (and DIP-14 LM324N) is an industry-standard quad operational amplifier IC manufactured by Texas Instruments, STMicroelectronics, and ON Semiconductor. Containing four independent, high-gain, internally frequency-compensated op-amps in a single 14-pin package, it is a staple of analog active filters, multi-channel comparator systems, audio mixers, and sensor signal conditioning arrays.

Designed to operate from either a single supply (3.0V3.0\text{V} to 32.0V32.0\text{V} DC) or split supplies (±1.5V\pm 1.5\text{V} to ±16.0V\pm 16.0\text{V}), the common-mode input range of each channel includes Ground (0V0\text{V}).

Quick reference

Op-Amp Channels4 Independent Operational Amplifiers
Package14-pin DIP (LM324N) / SOIC-14 / TSSOP-14
Single Supply Voltage Range3.0 V3.0\text{ V} to 32.0 V32.0\text{ V} DC
Split Supply Voltage Range±1.5 V\pm 1.5\text{ V} to ±16.0 V\pm 16.0\text{ V} DC
Gain-Bandwidth Product (GBW)1.2 MHz1.2\text{ MHz}
Slew Rate0.5 V/μs0.5\text{ V}/\mu\text{s}
Input Offset Voltage2.0 mV2.0\text{ mV} typical / 5.0 mV5.0\text{ mV} max
Quiescent Current800 μA800\ \mu\text{A} total (across all 4 channels)

Pinout (DIP-14 Package)

text
             ┌───┴───┐
      OUT 1 ─┤ 1  14 ├─ OUT 4
     -IN 1  ─┤ 2  13 ├─ -IN 4
     +IN 1  ─┤ 3  12 ├─ +IN 4
       VCC  ─┤ 4  11 ├─ GND (-VCC)
     +IN 2  ─┤ 5  10 ├─ +IN 3
     -IN 2  ─┤ 6   9 ├─ -IN 3
      OUT 2 ─┤ 7   8 ├─ OUT 3
             └───────┘
PinNameDescription
1OUT 1Op-Amp 1 Output
2-IN 1Op-Amp 1 Inverting Input
3+IN 1Op-Amp 1 Non-Inverting Input
4VCCPositive Power Supply Input (+3.0V to +32V DC)
5+IN 2Op-Amp 2 Non-Inverting Input
6-IN 2Op-Amp 2 Inverting Input
7OUT 2Op-Amp 2 Output
8OUT 3Op-Amp 3 Output
9-IN 3Op-Amp 3 Inverting Input
10+IN 3Op-Amp 3 Non-Inverting Input
11GND / -VCCGround reference (0 V) or Negative Power Supply (−VCC-\text{V}_{CC})
12+IN 4Op-Amp 4 Non-Inverting Input
13-IN 4Op-Amp 4 Inverting Input
14OUT 4Op-Amp 4 Output

Specifications

ParameterSymbolMinTypMaxUnitConditions
Single Supply VoltageVCCV_{CC}3.05.032.0VDC
Total Quiescent CurrentICCI_{CC}—8001200µAAll 4 channels, no load
Input Offset VoltageVIOV_{IO}—2.05.0mVTA=25∘CT_A = 25^\circ\text{C}
Input Bias CurrentIIBI_{IB}—45100nAVCM=0VV_{CM} = 0\text{V}
Large Signal Voltage GainAVDA_{VD}25100—V/mVVCC=15V,RL≥2kΩV_{CC} = 15\text{V}, R_L \ge 2\text{k}\Omega
Channel SeparationCSCS—120—dBf=1 kHz…20 kHzf = 1\text{ kHz} \dots 20\text{ kHz}

Common mistakes

  • Leaving unused op-amp channels floating: Leaving unused op-amps floating causes high-frequency self-oscillations that inject noise onto the power rails. Connect -IN to OUT (unity-gain follower configuration) and tie +IN to ground or a fixed DC voltage.
  • Exceeding VCC−1.5VV_{CC} - 1.5\text{V} output swing: Like the LM358, the LM324 is not a rail-to-rail output op-amp. At a single 5.0V5.0\text{V} supply, maximum output voltage swings to ∼3.5V\sim 3.5\text{V}.

Notes

  • LM324 vs LM358 vs TL074: LM324 is a quad version of the LM358; TL074 is a quad JFET-input low-noise audio op-amp.

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